An innovative argument that vindicates our normative commitment to basic equality, synthesising philosophy, history, and psychology What makes human beings one another's equals? That we are "basic equals" has become a bedrock assumption in Western moral and political philosophy. And yet establishing why we ought to believe this claim has proved fiendishly difficult, floundering in the face of the many inequalities that characterise the human condition. In this provocative work, Paul Sagar offers a novel approach to explaining and justifying basic equality. Rather than attempting to find an independent foundation for basic equality, he argues, we should instead come to see our commitment to this idea as the result of the practice of treating others as equals. Moreover, he continues, it is not enough to grapple with the problem through philosophy alone-by just thinking very hard, in our armchairs; we must draw insights from history and psychology as well. Sagar writes that, as things stand, there appear to be no good arguments for believing in the truth of basic equality. Indeed, for much of Western intellectual history and social practice, basic inequality has been the default position. How is it then, Sagar asks, that in Western societies, in a period of less than a century, basic equality emerged as the dominant view? Sagar approaches this not as a mere philosophical puzzle, but as a dramatic historical development. In so doing, he shows us what is at stake when human beings treat one another as equals just because they are human beings. Paul Sagar is senior lecturer in political theory at King's College London. He is the author of The Opinion of Mankind: Sociability and the Theory of the State from Hobbes to Smith and Adam Smith Reconsidered: History, Liberty, and the Foundations of Modern Politics (both Princeton). "Basic Equality is one of those rare philosophical texts that will appeal to a broad readership. Sagar presents a highly original account of the nature of basic equality, offering a unique argument that equality is rooted in the fiction of a human essence-but this is a fiction worth having rather than one to be simply dismissed as false." -David Livingstone Smith, University of New England "The book is unusually accessibly written for a book that at the same time manages to meet the stringent demands of academic scholarship. It represents a significant scholarly contribution, offering a compelling account of the value of equality."-Matthieu Queloz, University of Bern "This is an innovative and lively book. It tackles an issue that is fundamental to moral and political philosophy and yet is clearly not of merely academic interest. Sagar's argument is characteristically provocative and original, and well-written throughout.-Matt Sleat, University of Sheffield "Paul Sagar's Basic Equality is a philosophical study, but written in an accessible and trenchant style that should recommend it to a wide readership."---Ritchie Robertson, Times Literary Supplement "Clearly written and closely argued."

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