Bad Breath or Halitosis is the condition when a person suffers from chronic bad breath.What are the causes of Bad Breath?Halitosis is usually caused by the following:Infections:1. bacterial infection of the gums, dental cavities.(600 types of bacteriapresent in mouth)2. anaerobic infections of the mouth,3. Infection of the tonsils, nose and sinuses(postnasal drip)Gastric problems and indigestion:1. Indigestion of food in the stomach can cause the undigested food in the stomach to emit an offensive smell through the mouth2. gastro esophageal reflux of food can also cause the smell of acid and undigested food in the mouthCertain food:1. garlic and onions which has odious sulphur compounds can give rise to foul smell from the mouth2. fish3. smokes contains 40 over chemicals which cause bad mouth smellDry mouth:1. Insufficient drinking of water2. medications can cause dry mouth and produces a smell from the mouthSystemic diseases:1. liver failure.2. Lower respiratory tract infections3. Renal infections and renal failure.4. Carcinoma.5. Trimethylaminuria ("fish odor syndrome").6. Diabetes mellitus.What are the causes of Bad Breath?Persons who has Bad Breath has the followingSymptoms:1. Bad breath2. Dry mouthSigns:1. discharge from nose or tonsils2. furry tongueHow is the diagnosis of Bad Breath made?Diagnosis can usually be made by :1. History of bad breath2. lick the back of the wrist, let the saliva dry for a minute, and smell the dried saliva.3. scrape the posterior back of the tongue with a plastic disposable spoon and smell the drying residue.4. Halimeter: a portable sulfide monitor to test for levels of sulfur emissions (especially hydrogen sulfide) from the mouth.5. BANA test: find the salivary levels of an enzyme which shows the presence of certain halitosis-related bacteria5. ß-galactosidase test: the presence of this enzyme in the saliva indicates presence of bad breathWhat is the treatment of Bad Breath?Treatment:1. Appropriate Antibiotics, antifungal for infections of mouth2. drinking several glasses of water a day prevents dryness of mouth3. Eating a healthy breakfast helps clean the back of the tongue4. Proper oral hygiene after eating: brushing of teeth and flossing. Dentures should be removed at bedtime and soaked overnight in antibacterial solutions.5. Avoid smoking6. Gargle mouth after every meal.Avoid the use of alcohol based mouth washes.Use instead oil based mouth washes.7. Chewing sugarless gums helps to stimulate production of saliva and hence less bad breath8. Treat underlying condition such as diabetes, liver, kidney and other conditions.What is the prognosis of Bad Breath?Prognosis is usually good with proper oral hygiene.Recurrence is quite common.TABLE OF CONTENTChapter 1 Bad BreathChapter 2 Dental DecayChapter 3 GingivitisChapter 4 StomatitisChapter 5 GlossitisChapter 6 Mouth UlcersChapter 7 Vincent's AnginaChapter 8 Gastro esophageal Reflux Disease Dr. Kenneth Kee is a well-known medical doctor from Singapore who has been practicing medicine since 1972.He graduated from the University of Singapore and furthered his studies with a Master of Science in Health Management in 1991, followed by a Ph.D. in Healthcare Administration in 1993.Dr. Kee established Kee Clinic in 1974, located in the Holland Drive area of Singapore. The clinic has been a prominent feature of the community, offering general medical services for 5 decades.Dr Kee also served his country Singapore as a national service police Inspector at night from 1975 to 1985 while working at his clinic during the day.He had served as a police guard to the Woodland Petroleum Tanks at night during the Indonesian Confrontation period, took part in police rounds at night in the Beach Road area and taught First aid and emergency resuscitation to Police recruits.He received the Singapore Police Bicentennial 2020 Medallion on 1st March 2024 as recognition for his work in the Singapore Police.Even as he grew older, Dr. Kee

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